The site sets no cookies and runs no analytics or advertising. It can keep only two things in this browser: your decision here, so that you are not asked again, and, if you allow it, your reading adjustments (text size, contrast, spacing, underlined links and reduced motion) for your next visit.
Without this, adjustments apply to the current page only and reset when you move to another page. No name, identifier, timestamp or page list is stored, and nothing is sent to the server.
The decision itself is always stored, as one key in the browser’s local storage (atiqot.consent.v1), even when you choose not to save adjustments. You can change it at any time in the reading and privacy tools or through the link at the bottom of every page. Operational cookies of the hosting or security provider are outside the site’s control.
Selected case studies and useful reading questions: what was found, how was it studied and what follows from the evidence?
The articles and guides here connect case studies with methods: layers and dating, critical reading, pottery, coins, inscriptions and raw materials. Choose a question, then follow the sources and related reading. Checking an abstract is never presented as reviewing an entire paper.
UNESCO's page dates each step: a fortress built in 1249 by the prince of Achaia, surrendered by the Franks to the Byzantines in 1262, the seat of the Despotate of Morea from 1348, captured in 1460. A city that changed rulers and stayed in place.
From 1309 the Knights of St John turned the capital of Rhodes into a stronghold, with an upper town walled off on its own. UNESCO's page shows how a military and hospital order lived in a city, and gives two years for the end: 1522 and 1523.
3 min read, approximately
Reading, accessibility & privacy tools
Adjust the reading experience to suit you. These tools complement your browser and device accessibility settings. Changes apply to this page; they are kept for another visit only if you allowed that in the privacy dialog.
Your choices apply to this page only. Moving to another page restores the defaults.